Online Appendix: From “guestworkers” to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labor market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany

Version 2020-11-12

1 Strategy

1.1 Setting

This paper draws on data from the Microcensus Scientific Use Files (DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0) to provide a long-term overview of the labor market performance of different arrival cohorts of female and male migrants to Germany. Whereas there is a large body of research on the labor market outcomes of migrants to Germany, a more descriptive long-term and gender-specific overview is missing. We provide descriptive analyses for the employment rates, working hours, and occupational status levels of different arrival cohorts by gender, calendar year, and duration of stay. The data cover the time period 1976-2015.

To model labor market outcomes over time for first generation immigrants in Germany, we distinguish between arrival year cohorts. These correspond to the following periods:

**Table 1.** Arrival cohort periods
1964-1973	1974-1983	1984-1993	1994-2003	2004-2010

1.2 Indicators and Variables

We provide descriptive statistics (means) for the following labor market outcomes by arrival cohort, gender, and calendar year:

Employment rates
Weekly working hours (actual); augmented by some figures on employment types
ISEI-88 scores

**Table 2.** Variable defintion.
Variable	Definition
Employment	Dummy, 1 for individuals who state to be self-employed, working family members, employees and workers in public or private sector, in vocational training; 0 for un- and non-employed
Working hours	Actual weekly working hours of individual Capped at 80h/week (values 80-95h/week are recoded as 80h/week, rest to missing)
ISEI-88	ISEI-88 score for occupation of individual in employment
Duration of stay	Years of residence in Germany
Education	Categorical, highest schooling or vocational degree: ISCED 1-2 / ISCED 3-4 / ISCED 5-6

1.3 Sample

**Table 3.** Sample restrictions.
Characteristics	Values
Residence	Main
Age	25-54
Citizenship	Foreign (age at immigration otherwise not available)
Years of residence	Capped at 30y.
Age at immigration	18+
Sample Region	West Germany
Employed	DV Employment: Yes/No DV Working hours: Yes DV ISEI-88: Yes

The sample is not further restricted by current main activity (e.g. if in education or not)
We have some missing data on the ISCED values (~2% for the analysis sample, similar for migrants and Germans). We apply listwise deletion, so that all the estimates apply for the same sample (only distinct by availability of dependent variable information)

1.4 KldB to ISEI-88 conversion

Originally, occupations have been recorded according to the Klassifikation der Berufe (KldB) (Bundesagentur für Arbeit, 2020) in the Microcensus. The KlbB classification is not directly translatable to ISEI-88 (Ganzeboom et al., 1992), but involves the intermediate step of converting to ISCO-88 COM (International Labor Organization, 2020). Moreover, the KldB classification underwent several revisions over our analysis period that have to be translated to our base classification KldB92 (which offers the best overall feasability in the present context). In sum, we follow the conversion logic:

KldB92 (3-digit) \rightarrow ISCO-88 COM \rightarrow ISEI-88

This approach involves the following steps:

Kldb70/75/88 \rightarrow Kldb92: no problem, nearly 1:1 correspondence
Kldb2010 (4-digit) \rightarrow Kldb92 (3-digit): KldB2010 codes have multiple corresponding KldB92 codes, because the official corresondence tables refer to the 5-digit classification. Consequently, within the 4-digit KldB2010 codes provided in the Microcensus might be various 5-digit codes corresponding to different KldB92 codes. Approximation:
- In the Microcensus 2013, both KldB92 as well as KldB2010 have been coded. We use the actual incidences to derive relative correspondence probabilities of single KldB92 codes within one KldB2010 code. Individuals with a particular KldB2010 code are randomly assigned to a KldB92 code based on these probabilities.
- KldB2010 codes not present in the Microcensus 2013 (but possibly in later waves) are assigned according to a list based probability. For example, let a single Kldb2010 5-digit code have 4 corresponding KldB2010 4-digit codes. Of these 4 KldB2010 4-digit codes, the first 2 have a common KldB92 correspondence and the other 2 do not. Then the relative probability for each individual to receive one of the possible KldB92 codes would be P=0.5 for the first KldB92 code and P=0.25 for the other two.
KldB92 \rightarrow ISCO-88 COM: Similar (but less pronounced) problem that some KldB92 codes have multiple corresponding ISCO-88 COM values. Translation is done using the list-based correspondence approached decribed above.
ISCO-88 COM \rightarrow ISEI-88: Direct correspondence based on the do-files provided by GESIS.

2 Descriptives

Source is the Microcensus 1976-2015, except for the cohort composition in Figure 1 which is based on municipality register data.

2.1 Cohort composition

**Figure 1.** Immigrant inflows to Germany by year and gender (lower panel). Citizenship composition of arrival cohorts by gender (upper panel).

Numbers include inflows to eastern Germany since 1991. Citizenship shares plotted for countries of origin with consistently available information for the full arrival period. For the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic, and Yugoslavia, both aggregated and disaggregated data are provided by the municipalities in some years. In these cases, we distributed the aggregated numbers among the constituting countries corresponding to their respective disaggregated shares.
Source: German municipality registers (Destatis, 2020).

2.2 Selection

2.2.1 Cohort size by period

Figure 2. Cohort size development by period. Different age restrictions.

Sample is restricted to western Germany, including Berlin.
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n	n
1976 (n=79,893)	10,889,849	339,595	43,138	0	0	0	11,272,582
1978 (n=78,478)	10,646,222	355,941	70,555	0	0	0	11,072,717
1980 (n=81,002)	10,967,365	364,768	160,187	0	0	0	11,492,320
1982 (n=80,311)	10,810,513	331,310	217,007	0	0	0	11,358,829
1985 (n=81,771)	10,887,375	377,983	292,102	26,988	0	0	11,584,449
1987 (n=83,632)	11,151,930	341,207	290,499	79,645	0	0	11,863,281
1989 (n=76,529)	11,779,779	323,626	259,339	155,367	0	0	12,518,111
1991 (n=77,884)	11,462,802	279,615	223,527	226,415	0	0	12,192,359
1993 (n=77,973)	11,611,319	270,614	233,880	361,363	0	0	12,477,176
1995 (n=81,481)	12,125,949	258,468	209,854	446,800	74,250	0	13,115,322
1996 (n=80,677)	12,052,140	236,931	196,055	451,385	112,572	0	13,049,083
1997 (n=81,129)	12,152,266	199,091	171,634	441,810	159,977	0	13,124,779
1998 (n=80,866)	12,138,932	187,155	165,770	396,661	204,198	0	13,092,716
1999 (n=79,979)	12,068,128	153,442	159,434	364,538	235,787	0	12,981,330
2000 (n=78,346)	11,914,121	150,436	142,776	354,593	285,723	0	12,847,649
2001 (n=79,796)	12,159,607	114,978	130,246	331,844	327,694	0	13,064,369
2002 (n=79,569)	12,175,987	103,087	120,894	313,830	383,860	0	13,097,658
2003 (n=78,993)	12,075,372	83,536	120,675	318,390	442,728	0	13,040,701
2004 (n=77,473)	11,949,885	60,615	103,615	278,882	466,298	9,121	12,868,416
2005 (n=74,980)	12,212,376	52,978	117,648	318,873	574,825	83,695	13,360,396
2006 (n=79,229)	12,161,523	41,187	122,400	330,823	649,163	140,394	13,445,490
2007 (n=76,516)	12,087,582	22,779	97,110	322,128	635,943	212,953	13,378,493
2008 (n=76,339)	11,998,292	10,401	89,078	297,140	633,565	268,161	13,296,638
2009 (n=76,980)	11,919,926	3,555	77,086	285,862	622,075	326,671	13,235,174
2010 (n=76,512)	11,788,759	0	65,542	283,875	574,912	383,357	13,096,446
2011 (n=75,627)	11,754,473	0	47,427	278,689	558,084	436,377	13,075,050
2012 (n=73,843)	11,588,481	0	33,802	231,476	478,958	391,882	12,724,600
2013 (n=72,432)	11,417,444	0	28,061	218,711	467,522	415,912	12,547,650
2014 (n=71,415)	11,337,206	0	23,867	211,542	447,389	413,395	12,433,401
2015 (n=70,942)	11,225,438	0	15,015	208,109	421,361	399,033	12,268,956
Total (n=2,340,597)	350,511,040	4,663,298	4,028,225	7,535,740	8,756,885	3,480,952	378,976,140

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n	n
1976 (n=137,540)	19,048,486	349,548	44,567	0	0	0	19,442,600
1978 (n=137,279)	18,953,148	369,209	75,733	0	0	0	19,398,090
1980 (n=146,049)	20,196,900	382,054	171,329	0	0	0	20,750,283
1982 (n=145,338)	20,005,679	347,714	229,436	0	0	0	20,582,829
1985 (n=146,159)	19,964,972	406,642	304,317	28,988	0	0	20,704,918
1987 (n=149,349)	20,425,940	374,404	303,764	87,383	0	0	21,191,492
1989 (n=135,216)	21,212,346	370,290	277,420	166,521	0	0	22,026,578
1991 (n=134,625)	20,206,424	327,608	242,084	241,693	0	0	21,017,809
1993 (n=137,766)	20,939,779	337,428	254,842	384,900	0	0	21,916,948
1995 (n=144,852)	22,036,431	345,507	237,421	479,334	82,864	0	23,181,557
1996 (n=143,250)	21,870,243	329,439	226,357	488,742	127,403	0	23,042,185
1997 (n=144,301)	22,073,406	283,986	201,728	483,315	174,103	0	23,216,537
1998 (n=144,070)	22,089,317	283,117	196,778	428,963	224,456	0	23,222,630
1999 (n=143,244)	22,040,478	252,531	194,297	399,824	255,491	0	23,142,620
2000 (n=139,089)	21,563,206	249,848	180,067	386,183	311,982	0	22,691,286
2001 (n=141,701)	21,955,613	231,046	169,388	371,161	357,570	0	23,084,779
2002 (n=141,170)	21,961,645	223,036	166,430	354,824	418,839	0	23,124,774
2003 (n=141,152)	21,946,023	223,530	170,311	362,146	490,340	0	23,192,350
2004 (n=139,918)	21,927,980	193,805	161,995	325,242	513,537	9,842	23,132,400
2005 (n=141,402)	22,757,963	248,340	189,432	379,934	644,124	90,153	24,309,946
2006 (n=149,044)	22,823,889	275,366	210,041	398,303	721,004	148,079	24,576,681
2007 (n=145,742)	22,854,424	274,109	198,256	394,901	708,050	226,946	24,656,686
2008 (n=146,042)	22,839,562	257,408	198,924	371,352	710,725	286,558	24,664,529
2009 (n=148,172)	22,738,144	256,148	193,234	357,693	703,092	352,402	24,600,713
2010 (n=148,157)	22,702,843	236,188	191,600	364,349	654,882	417,551	24,567,414
2011 (n=147,552)	22,755,931	224,727	175,455	381,339	655,127	475,260	24,667,838
2012 (n=146,100)	22,662,078	200,424	160,954	317,461	555,007	426,705	24,322,630
2013 (n=144,573)	22,610,988	197,659	159,559	306,253	546,722	449,670	24,270,851
2014 (n=144,208)	22,595,430	190,749	160,062	308,556	538,035	448,799	24,241,632
2015 (n=144,645)	22,727,582	196,511	159,541	310,679	523,480	442,149	24,359,941
Total (n=4,297,705)	650,486,850	8,438,369	5,805,321	8,880,041	9,916,832	3,774,113	687,301,526

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n	n
1976 (n=78,000)	10,455,929	449,707	32,226	0	0	0	10,937,862
1978 (n=79,290)	10,575,640	483,538	67,733	0	0	0	11,126,911
1980 (n=81,682)	10,853,831	515,441	155,515	0	0	0	11,524,788
1982 (n=81,982)	10,855,741	458,015	217,456	0	0	0	11,531,212
1985 (n=82,633)	10,839,088	559,559	267,409	43,179	0	0	11,709,234
1987 (n=84,855)	11,182,543	514,864	259,270	90,583	0	0	12,047,260
1989 (n=76,681)	11,668,958	482,915	243,700	184,067	0	0	12,579,639
1991 (n=77,563)	11,371,584	403,119	202,465	247,727	0	0	12,224,896
1993 (n=77,786)	11,530,438	387,875	199,265	402,417	0	0	12,519,994
1995 (n=81,234)	12,106,977	327,901	188,714	468,310	84,589	0	13,176,491
1996 (n=80,526)	12,060,229	291,618	167,893	492,003	124,967	0	13,136,710
1997 (n=80,707)	12,148,129	238,982	153,165	459,155	163,268	0	13,162,699
1998 (n=80,127)	12,122,094	212,089	140,974	413,365	198,069	0	13,086,592
1999 (n=78,768)	11,987,458	174,495	131,420	385,110	235,569	0	12,914,052
2000 (n=76,804)	11,833,025	142,725	112,062	345,112	264,786	0	12,697,709
2001 (n=78,604)	12,111,762	123,027	113,540	331,985	303,854	0	12,984,168
2002 (n=77,965)	12,100,329	93,237	113,440	307,721	333,557	0	12,948,285
2003 (n=77,531)	12,027,856	74,341	101,365	310,751	398,615	0	12,912,928
2004 (n=75,028)	11,770,600	48,763	86,937	268,454	406,134	10,281	12,591,169
2005 (n=71,976)	12,135,515	29,589	95,857	304,443	494,084	80,236	13,139,724
2006 (n=76,436)	12,201,260	24,321	95,923	330,051	556,674	142,696	13,350,925
2007 (n=73,519)	12,028,748	11,815	94,504	318,522	528,044	182,066	13,163,700
2008 (n=73,512)	11,990,210	3,958	77,031	304,990	498,034	241,334	13,115,557
2009 (n=73,409)	11,871,520	1,919	73,762	269,698	471,963	289,853	12,978,714
2010 (n=73,256)	11,789,176	0	56,284	255,186	441,033	349,414	12,891,093
2011 (n=72,528)	11,771,697	0	45,256	262,543	425,065	394,797	12,899,358
2012 (n=71,303)	11,515,002	0	37,140	235,210	353,530	335,111	12,475,993
2013 (n=69,916)	11,410,951	0	28,668	222,291	361,969	338,116	12,361,996
2014 (n=68,988)	11,333,948	0	19,759	208,933	364,439	328,847	12,255,926
2015 (n=68,554)	11,237,463	0	15,440	188,544	332,533	339,140	12,113,120
Total (n=2,301,163)	348,887,700	6,053,813	3,594,172	7,650,352	7,340,777	3,031,892	376,558,704

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n	n
1976 (n=116,312)	15,848,203	461,850	33,369	0	0	0	16,343,421
1978 (n=117,547)	15,959,458	496,300	70,090	0	0	0	16,525,848
1980 (n=122,685)	16,647,708	533,441	162,492	0	0	0	17,343,640
1982 (n=123,178)	16,650,180	480,300	225,742	0	0	0	17,356,222
1985 (n=125,076)	16,807,154	602,402	278,309	45,464	0	0	17,733,329
1987 (n=128,705)	17,342,205	566,763	272,270	94,512	0	0	18,275,750
1989 (n=115,519)	17,912,039	553,390	259,418	192,790	0	0	18,917,637
1991 (n=117,658)	17,502,123	492,350	217,350	259,249	0	0	18,471,072
1993 (n=120,997)	18,218,102	502,936	217,296	419,149	0	0	19,357,484
1995 (n=128,820)	19,469,786	487,659	209,290	493,807	90,178	0	20,750,720
1996 (n=127,993)	19,422,386	472,339	191,188	520,562	136,132	0	20,742,607
1997 (n=129,590)	19,750,532	413,141	176,197	488,023	173,841	0	21,001,734
1998 (n=129,363)	19,788,828	401,046	167,506	437,412	215,156	0	21,009,949
1999 (n=128,217)	19,720,364	364,847	158,826	413,827	250,257	0	20,908,121
2000 (n=124,826)	19,379,834	358,078	137,780	373,375	285,312	0	20,534,379
2001 (n=127,752)	19,829,000	345,058	136,820	362,811	327,125	0	21,000,814
2002 (n=127,427)	19,901,616	315,435	145,381	337,283	357,501	0	21,057,215
2003 (n=127,718)	19,938,242	318,404	137,779	338,456	434,367	0	21,167,247
2004 (n=125,531)	19,799,692	287,143	129,508	300,090	442,368	11,002	20,969,803
2005 (n=125,648)	20,667,343	359,019	146,720	343,846	545,418	86,264	22,148,611
2006 (n=133,037)	20,816,806	383,017	163,103	384,554	618,924	153,082	22,519,486
2007 (n=129,970)	20,794,247	387,461	165,232	370,792	589,193	195,063	22,501,988
2008 (n=130,537)	20,853,597	347,415	151,318	367,557	562,638	257,549	22,540,074
2009 (n=131,715)	20,818,442	331,014	154,340	332,840	545,162	313,129	22,494,928
2010 (n=132,275)	20,860,023	322,223	147,297	327,569	509,081	383,444	22,549,638
2011 (n=131,749)	20,979,121	300,581	141,092	343,028	503,844	430,574	22,698,239
2012 (n=131,045)	20,696,146	257,748	139,006	312,373	415,790	367,213	22,188,277
2013 (n=129,812)	20,745,352	258,489	132,026	300,349	433,159	373,053	22,242,428
2014 (n=130,188)	20,835,687	253,890	127,743	298,791	438,939	359,210	22,314,261
2015 (n=130,674)	20,913,784	246,439	139,470	286,264	421,663	380,872	22,388,492
Total (n=3,801,564)	578,867,999	11,900,178	4,933,957	8,744,775	8,296,048	3,310,456	616,053,414

Why do we see an increase in cohort size for all arrival cohorts from 2004-2006 and for the first cohort from 1976-1985? The reason is non-response on the arrival year variable, which substantially varies over years:

**Figure 3.** Non-response on arrival year variable by year and gender.

Corresponds to analysis sample except for arrival year restrictions. Shares for persons with non-German citizenship who were born abroad.
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

Since 2005, the immigration year question is part of the mandatory questionnaire. The lower non-response rates mean overall higher observation numbers. Table 8 shows that the relative size of cohorts in percent increased to a similar extent at this cut-off. So, probably no selection on the cohort (selection on other characteristics still possible, of course). The changes for cohorts 1964-73 and 1994-2003 are due the age range of 25-54, shares are even closer across years without this restriction.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73		1974-83		1984-93		1994-03		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
2004 (n=8,143)	109,378	6.4	190,551	11.1	547,336	31.8	872,432	50.7	1,719,698	100.0
2005 (n=8,536)	82,567	4.2	213,505	10.7	623,316	31.3	1,068,909	53.8	1,988,297	100.0
2006 (n=9,773)	65,509	3.0	218,323	10.2	660,874	30.7	1,205,837	56.1	2,150,542	100.0
Total (n=26,452)	257,453	4.4	622,379	10.6	1,831,526	31.3	3,147,177	53.7	5,858,537	100.0

2.2.2 Cohort size by duration of stay

Generally, these plots are not really interpretable because many processes are at play that determine the population numbers. One issue is that persons who immigrated at age 18-23 show up in our analysis sample with a timelag due to the age restriction 25-54 (not a problem for the plots by period above). So, some initial gains in cohort size are due to this lag. Other gains certainly follow from the large variation in non-response rates on the arrival year (see above).

Figure 4. Cohort size development by duration of stay. Different age restrictions.

Sample is restricted to western Germany, including Berlin.
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n
1 (n=5,517)	0	76,817	182,413	459,322	402,033	1,120,586
2 (n=5,987)	0	105,383	195,204	486,687	414,694	1,201,970
3 (n=6,763)	41,680	76,925	267,998	524,986	433,342	1,344,932
4 (n=7,222)	40,946	114,807	293,842	561,296	421,168	1,432,060
5 (n=8,034)	92,519	102,616	327,230	607,320	440,016	1,569,701
6 (n=8,212)	101,183	144,375	346,313	630,451	374,472	1,596,794
7 (n=8,264)	165,797	122,381	360,071	644,676	290,072	1,582,996
8 (n=7,975)	154,064	143,641	363,144	636,208	225,828	1,522,885
9 (n=7,067)	163,549	101,825	352,473	573,916	158,010	1,349,773
10 (n=7,328)	165,960	139,371	367,691	597,540	110,143	1,380,705
11 (n=6,356)	116,587	134,172	353,619	550,627	52,338	1,207,344
12 (n=6,280)	186,485	113,337	341,436	525,908	0	1,167,165
13 (n=5,554)	136,005	140,481	332,371	438,154	0	1,047,011
14 (n=5,099)	157,962	118,701	319,663	365,666	0	961,992
15 (n=4,894)	154,120	144,798	318,004	301,373	0	918,295
16 (n=4,621)	189,405	132,633	319,334	232,128	0	873,500
17 (n=4,141)	149,093	156,074	301,352	179,515	0	786,034
18 (n=3,728)	166,788	126,713	291,937	127,391	0	712,828
19 (n=3,407)	135,808	146,676	290,892	91,687	0	665,063
20 (n=3,555)	174,738	154,616	300,208	64,614	0	694,176
21 (n=3,037)	138,933	163,810	267,496	24,556	0	594,795
22 (n=2,754)	159,489	146,912	239,206	0	0	545,607
23 (n=2,646)	177,296	136,695	219,521	0	0	533,512
24 (n=2,257)	166,142	129,495	164,321	0	0	459,959
25 (n=2,220)	196,375	129,632	125,740	0	0	451,748
26 (n=1,952)	192,145	122,890	85,887	0	0	400,922
27 (n=1,819)	196,456	109,475	63,666	0	0	369,596
28 (n=1,548)	164,779	111,105	42,447	0	0	318,330
29 (n=1,369)	155,466	102,570	25,266	0	0	283,302
30 (n=1,287)	154,998	93,491	17,199	0	0	265,688
Total (n=140,893)	4,194,769	3,742,415	7,475,946	8,624,021	3,322,116	27,359,268

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n
1 (n=8,309)	0	116,817	281,984	707,647	574,234	1,680,682
2 (n=8,171)	0	155,264	279,143	669,506	526,474	1,630,388
3 (n=8,606)	59,389	105,163	359,449	665,189	516,331	1,705,522
4 (n=8,614)	52,280	142,664	359,082	667,288	482,520	1,703,834
5 (n=9,002)	106,686	120,587	372,690	675,166	478,606	1,753,736
6 (n=8,681)	111,226	153,507	373,839	660,082	390,089	1,688,743
7 (n=8,264)	165,797	122,381	360,071	644,676	290,072	1,582,996
8 (n=7,975)	154,064	143,641	363,144	636,208	225,828	1,522,885
9 (n=7,067)	163,549	101,825	352,473	573,916	158,010	1,349,773
10 (n=7,328)	165,960	139,371	367,691	597,540	110,143	1,380,705
11 (n=6,356)	116,587	134,172	353,619	550,627	52,338	1,207,344
12 (n=6,280)	186,485	113,337	341,436	525,908	0	1,167,165
13 (n=5,554)	136,005	140,481	332,371	438,154	0	1,047,011
14 (n=5,099)	157,962	118,701	319,663	365,666	0	961,992
15 (n=4,894)	154,120	144,798	318,004	301,373	0	918,295
16 (n=4,621)	189,405	132,633	319,334	232,128	0	873,500
17 (n=4,141)	149,093	156,074	301,352	179,515	0	786,034
18 (n=3,728)	166,788	126,713	291,937	127,391	0	712,828
19 (n=3,407)	135,808	146,676	290,892	91,687	0	665,063
20 (n=3,555)	174,738	154,616	300,208	64,614	0	694,176
21 (n=3,037)	138,933	163,810	267,496	24,556	0	594,795
22 (n=2,754)	159,489	146,912	239,206	0	0	545,607
23 (n=2,646)	177,296	136,695	219,521	0	0	533,512
24 (n=2,257)	166,142	129,495	164,321	0	0	459,959
25 (n=2,220)	196,375	129,632	125,740	0	0	451,748
26 (n=1,952)	192,145	122,890	85,887	0	0	400,922
27 (n=1,819)	196,456	109,475	63,666	0	0	369,596
28 (n=1,548)	164,779	111,105	42,447	0	0	318,330
29 (n=1,369)	155,466	102,570	25,266	0	0	283,302
30 (n=1,287)	154,998	93,491	17,199	0	0	265,688
Total (n=150,541)	4,248,021	3,915,495	7,889,135	9,398,837	3,804,645	29,256,133

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n
1 (n=5,968)	0	81,996	198,566	502,527	428,020	1,211,109
2 (n=6,439)	0	112,026	209,155	528,046	444,445	1,293,672
3 (n=7,308)	42,632	82,211	287,648	576,935	468,232	1,457,658
4 (n=7,802)	41,375	122,950	317,771	615,034	455,085	1,552,214
5 (n=8,651)	95,662	108,902	351,556	661,374	479,669	1,697,163
6 (n=8,831)	104,040	151,623	370,849	691,932	407,107	1,725,551
7 (n=8,892)	169,208	127,726	387,526	711,394	316,765	1,712,619
8 (n=8,658)	158,778	151,708	397,515	709,450	248,276	1,665,728
9 (n=7,669)	168,216	107,548	381,332	646,028	172,739	1,475,864
10 (n=8,051)	173,437	147,269	403,909	680,311	125,801	1,530,727
11 (n=7,022)	121,301	141,319	388,110	634,237	59,171	1,344,139
12 (n=6,949)	193,628	123,574	382,681	604,442	0	1,304,325
13 (n=6,217)	142,434	151,110	373,537	514,852	0	1,181,933
14 (n=5,788)	166,763	131,277	367,100	436,280	0	1,101,420
15 (n=5,625)	166,334	161,640	374,204	364,294	0	1,066,472
16 (n=5,336)	205,341	150,755	375,587	286,096	0	1,017,778
17 (n=4,823)	162,183	178,034	362,664	221,478	0	924,359
18 (n=4,397)	184,911	149,862	355,895	156,415	0	847,083
19 (n=4,061)	150,996	169,430	362,169	116,321	0	798,915
20 (n=4,418)	201,345	189,509	391,601	83,849	0	866,304
21 (n=3,776)	161,856	199,614	350,518	30,823	0	742,811
22 (n=3,473)	184,244	184,435	323,673	0	0	692,353
23 (n=3,405)	213,555	173,684	299,507	0	0	686,747
24 (n=2,980)	207,421	172,404	226,730	0	0	606,555
25 (n=3,076)	248,774	186,671	189,024	0	0	624,469
26 (n=2,810)	255,010	186,013	133,786	0	0	574,809
27 (n=2,666)	271,149	170,133	99,867	0	0	541,148
28 (n=2,400)	243,628	179,689	69,111	0	0	492,429
29 (n=2,262)	242,766	179,093	45,075	0	0	466,934
30 (n=2,430)	268,387	201,940	33,117	0	0	503,444
Total (n=162,183)	4,945,375	4,574,145	8,809,784	9,772,118	3,605,310	31,706,732

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n
1 (n=5,475)	0	76,762	219,341	479,467	395,821	1,171,390
2 (n=5,402)	0	105,321	222,294	428,863	384,328	1,140,808
3 (n=6,186)	45,764	81,316	298,978	470,325	398,940	1,295,323
4 (n=6,421)	50,948	114,552	324,782	491,954	368,693	1,350,930
5 (n=7,218)	111,500	109,233	370,980	502,758	388,054	1,482,526
6 (n=7,077)	130,388	145,770	361,426	503,747	285,626	1,426,956
7 (n=7,444)	211,358	119,694	384,637	521,116	235,805	1,472,610
8 (n=7,033)	192,620	136,994	376,203	525,514	170,371	1,401,703
9 (n=6,437)	224,487	108,817	340,503	468,698	114,669	1,257,174
10 (n=6,562)	230,248	122,879	374,577	477,568	83,246	1,288,517
11 (n=5,593)	171,216	117,473	344,009	423,761	37,924	1,094,382
12 (n=5,888)	265,144	96,051	348,329	416,908	0	1,126,432
13 (n=5,014)	179,371	128,702	330,212	340,141	0	978,426
14 (n=4,943)	238,356	103,308	312,756	292,077	0	946,496
15 (n=4,967)	235,931	130,293	329,571	253,890	0	949,684
16 (n=4,647)	279,072	119,875	311,003	178,700	0	888,650
17 (n=4,209)	231,435	133,493	296,038	145,852	0	806,819
18 (n=3,866)	237,902	122,078	288,667	107,203	0	755,851
19 (n=3,327)	197,476	118,029	264,087	83,037	0	662,630
20 (n=3,627)	246,925	141,826	287,797	56,143	0	732,691
21 (n=3,135)	222,867	122,884	251,981	22,565	0	620,297
22 (n=2,890)	210,545	124,993	248,181	0	0	583,719
23 (n=2,816)	251,016	115,345	206,518	0	0	572,878
24 (n=2,329)	226,235	109,798	154,075	0	0	490,108
25 (n=2,331)	259,169	111,084	117,085	0	0	487,338
26 (n=1,993)	239,569	102,410	76,434	0	0	418,413
27 (n=1,870)	241,456	98,428	54,259	0	0	394,144
28 (n=1,560)	208,697	88,237	32,866	0	0	329,801
29 (n=1,276)	168,198	80,725	19,764	0	0	268,688
30 (n=1,222)	164,266	77,698	13,824	0	0	255,788
Total (n=132,758)	5,672,160	3,364,070	7,561,177	7,190,288	2,863,477	26,651,171

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n
1 (n=7,386)	0	115,476	297,854	656,284	502,309	1,571,924
2 (n=6,904)	0	143,750	288,620	551,854	473,406	1,457,631
3 (n=7,275)	55,907	100,744	360,921	557,153	448,461	1,523,186
4 (n=7,237)	55,662	135,552	370,022	550,446	407,717	1,519,398
5 (n=7,767)	119,595	120,948	405,068	539,703	410,169	1,595,483
6 (n=7,323)	136,388	152,540	374,755	516,784	294,822	1,475,288
7 (n=7,444)	211,358	119,694	384,637	521,116	235,805	1,472,610
8 (n=7,033)	192,620	136,994	376,203	525,514	170,371	1,401,703
9 (n=6,437)	224,487	108,817	340,503	468,698	114,669	1,257,174
10 (n=6,562)	230,248	122,879	374,577	477,568	83,246	1,288,517
11 (n=5,593)	171,216	117,473	344,009	423,761	37,924	1,094,382
12 (n=5,888)	265,144	96,051	348,329	416,908	0	1,126,432
13 (n=5,014)	179,371	128,702	330,212	340,141	0	978,426
14 (n=4,943)	238,356	103,308	312,756	292,077	0	946,496
15 (n=4,967)	235,931	130,293	329,571	253,890	0	949,684
16 (n=4,647)	279,072	119,875	311,003	178,700	0	888,650
17 (n=4,209)	231,435	133,493	296,038	145,852	0	806,819
18 (n=3,866)	237,902	122,078	288,667	107,203	0	755,851
19 (n=3,327)	197,476	118,029	264,087	83,037	0	662,630
20 (n=3,627)	246,925	141,826	287,797	56,143	0	732,691
21 (n=3,135)	222,867	122,884	251,981	22,565	0	620,297
22 (n=2,890)	210,545	124,993	248,181	0	0	583,719
23 (n=2,816)	251,016	115,345	206,518	0	0	572,878
24 (n=2,329)	226,235	109,798	154,075	0	0	490,108
25 (n=2,331)	259,169	111,084	117,085	0	0	487,338
26 (n=1,993)	239,569	102,410	76,434	0	0	418,413
27 (n=1,870)	241,456	98,428	54,259	0	0	394,144
28 (n=1,560)	208,697	88,237	32,866	0	0	329,801
29 (n=1,276)	168,198	80,725	19,764	0	0	268,688
30 (n=1,222)	164,266	77,698	13,824	0	0	255,788
Total (n=138,871)	5,701,112	3,500,126	7,860,615	7,685,397	3,178,898	27,926,149

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	n	n	n	n	n	n
1 (n=5,841)	0	80,976	230,101	518,293	419,837	1,249,207
2 (n=5,792)	0	109,250	234,856	468,241	415,249	1,227,596
3 (n=6,583)	45,907	84,858	311,720	507,994	432,709	1,383,189
4 (n=6,831)	51,662	118,814	341,929	529,198	400,151	1,441,753
5 (n=7,642)	113,071	113,376	387,531	539,900	420,982	1,574,862
6 (n=7,544)	133,102	151,239	378,395	552,416	318,319	1,533,470
7 (n=7,966)	216,929	124,137	406,588	576,773	263,454	1,587,881
8 (n=7,555)	197,335	143,539	400,118	583,039	191,316	1,515,346
9 (n=6,946)	229,058	115,482	363,563	530,055	130,163	1,368,322
10 (n=7,161)	238,819	130,809	404,575	547,822	96,405	1,418,430
11 (n=6,085)	177,977	123,934	369,555	485,252	42,670	1,199,388
12 (n=6,434)	275,001	104,204	375,245	488,679	0	1,243,129
13 (n=5,527)	187,085	136,313	360,830	400,319	0	1,084,547
14 (n=5,474)	247,785	113,224	345,203	352,379	0	1,058,591
15 (n=5,520)	249,288	143,335	365,694	307,488	0	1,065,805
16 (n=5,225)	299,455	132,968	354,676	219,597	0	1,006,695
17 (n=4,778)	248,575	148,004	349,141	182,095	0	927,815
18 (n=4,471)	259,573	139,974	342,435	139,505	0	881,487
19 (n=3,901)	221,872	135,215	322,983	102,736	0	782,806
20 (n=4,386)	288,317	169,703	357,348	74,939	0	890,307
21 (n=3,838)	263,264	147,797	320,635	30,351	0	762,047
22 (n=3,602)	257,690	152,733	322,129	0	0	732,552
23 (n=3,593)	316,643	144,170	274,175	0	0	734,988
24 (n=3,066)	297,023	138,148	214,394	0	0	649,565
25 (n=3,279)	365,966	150,346	175,378	0	0	691,690
26 (n=2,983)	360,178	149,420	122,828	0	0	632,426
27 (n=2,917)	383,492	146,991	86,711	0	0	617,195
28 (n=2,644)	361,086	146,987	56,339	0	0	564,412
29 (n=2,414)	337,903	136,772	41,019	0	0	515,694
30 (n=2,797)	393,836	173,819	29,274	0	0	596,929
Total (n=152,795)	7,017,891	4,006,539	8,645,370	8,137,070	3,131,254	30,938,125

2.2.3 Education by duration of stay

Regarding the presumed higher remigration rates for skilled individuals, we observe higher average levels of education for migrants with a shorter duration of stay compared to migrants with a longer duration of stay (see Tables 16, 20). We find the largest differences within the first years of residence. For example, consider migrant women from arrival cohort 1984-1993. Given a duration of stay between 0 and 3 years, 25.4 percent of these women had some sort of tertiary education. Yet, for a duration of stay of 7-9 years, the share of women with tertiary education was only 18.3 percent. We find similar patterns across cohorts and stronger patterns for men than women, matching our results for occupational status (see Figures 11a, 11b). Only a minor part of these patterns is explained by selectivity in arrival age (see Tables 15, 19, Figures 12c, 12d). Thus, on average, highly educated (labor) migrants seem to stay for rather short durations.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	%	%	%	%	%	%
Excluded by age restriction 25-54
0-2 (n=4,979)	72.6	62.5	54.6	41.4	34.9	45.1
3-4 (n=3,121)	23.6	26.1	31.9	29.7	25.3	28.5
5-6 (n=2,585)	3.8	11.4	13.5	28.9	39.8	26.4
Total (n=10,685)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Included by age restriction 25-54
0-2 (n=13,091)	73.6	59.1	44.3	35.9	28.0	37.8
3-4 (n=10,492)	20.9	23.4	32.0	33.3	31.6	31.4
5-6 (n=9,946)	5.5	17.5	23.7	30.8	40.4	30.8
Total (n=33,529)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-1973	1974-1983	1984-1993	1994-2003	2004-2010	Total
		%	%	%	%	%
ISCED, dur. of stay: 0-3y.
0-2 (n=6,103)		58.7	42.3	33.8	26.2	33.9
3-4 (n=5,484)		23.3	32.3	32.8	30.3	31.3
5-6 (n=5,846)		18.0	25.4	33.5	43.5	34.7
Total (n=17,433)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 3-6y.
0-2 (n=8,163)		58.6	47.3	38.2	28.5	40.2
3-4 (n=6,398)		24.4	32.3	33.2	33.0	32.1
5-6 (n=5,392)		17.0	20.4	28.6	38.5	27.7
Total (n=19,953)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 6-9y.
0-2 (n=7,566)		64.3	50.2	38.6		45.3
3-4 (n=5,222)		23.0	31.5	33.7		31.8
5-6 (n=3,671)		12.7	18.3	27.7		22.9
Total (n=16,459)		100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 9-12y.
0-2 (n=8,430)	70.5	63.6	51.6	41.0		48.7
3-4 (n=5,343)	24.0	23.6	31.9	33.4		31.2
5-6 (n=3,361)	5.6	12.8	16.5	25.6		20.1
Total (n=17,134)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 12-15y.
0-2 (n=6,054)	72.5	62.5	53.6			60.2
3-4 (n=2,674)	21.6	25.6	31.1			27.5
5-6 (n=1,175)	5.9	12.0	15.4			12.3
Total (n=9,903)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 15-18y.
0-2 (n=5,947)	71.9	62.0	54.8			61.1
3-4 (n=2,629)	22.7	26.6	30.7			27.6
5-6 (n=1,074)	5.4	11.4	14.5			11.3
Total (n=9,650)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 18-21y.
0-2 (n=5,464)	72.7	62.0	53.9			60.8
3-4 (n=2,538)	21.9	27.4	31.0			27.8
5-6 (n=1,051)	5.3	10.6	15.0			11.4
Total (n=9,053)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-1973	1974-1983	1984-1993	1994-2003	2004-2010	Total
		%	%	%	%	%
ISCED, dur. of stay: 0-3y.
0-2 (n=8,891)		60.2	45.1	35.5	28.1	36.2
3-4 (n=7,395)		24.0	32.7	32.0	29.0	30.7
5-6 (n=7,561)		15.8	22.3	32.5	43.0	33.2
Total (n=23,847)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 3-6y.
0-2 (n=9,511)		59.3	48.9	39.4	29.9	41.6
3-4 (n=7,106)		24.6	32.0	32.5	32.4	31.6
5-6 (n=5,843)		16.1	19.0	28.1	37.6	26.8
Total (n=22,460)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 6-9y.
0-2 (n=7,566)		64.3	50.2	38.6		45.3
3-4 (n=5,222)		23.0	31.5	33.7		31.8
5-6 (n=3,671)		12.7	18.3	27.7		22.9
Total (n=16,459)		100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 9-12y.
0-2 (n=8,430)	70.5	63.6	51.6	41.0		48.7
3-4 (n=5,343)	24.0	23.6	31.9	33.4		31.2
5-6 (n=3,361)	5.6	12.8	16.5	25.6		20.1
Total (n=17,134)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 12-15y.
0-2 (n=6,054)	72.5	62.5	53.6			60.2
3-4 (n=2,674)	21.6	25.6	31.1			27.5
5-6 (n=1,175)	5.9	12.0	15.4			12.3
Total (n=9,903)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 15-18y.
0-2 (n=5,947)	71.9	62.0	54.8			61.1
3-4 (n=2,629)	22.7	26.6	30.7			27.6
5-6 (n=1,074)	5.4	11.4	14.5			11.3
Total (n=9,650)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 18-21y.
0-2 (n=5,464)	72.7	62.0	53.9			60.8
3-4 (n=2,538)	21.9	27.4	31.0			27.8
5-6 (n=1,051)	5.3	10.6	15.0			11.4
Total (n=9,053)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-1973	1974-1983	1984-1993	1994-2003	2004-2010	Total
		%	%	%	%	%
ISCED, dur. of stay: 0-3y.
0-2 (n=6,773)		58.6	44.0	34.7	27.0	34.9
3-4 (n=5,864)		23.8	31.5	32.1	30.4	31.0
5-6 (n=6,200)		17.6	24.5	33.2	42.6	34.1
Total (n=18,837)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 3-6y.
0-2 (n=8,954)		58.6	48.7	38.4	30.0	40.8
3-4 (n=6,810)		24.8	31.2	32.4	32.8	31.6
5-6 (n=5,797)		16.6	20.0	29.2	37.2	27.6
Total (n=21,561)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 6-9y.
0-2 (n=8,313)		64.5	51.7	38.7		45.6
3-4 (n=5,577)		22.8	30.6	32.8		31.0
5-6 (n=4,067)		12.6	17.8	28.5		23.3
Total (n=17,957)		100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 9-12y.
0-2 (n=9,444)	70.4	64.6	53.5	41.4		49.3
3-4 (n=5,780)	24.1	23.0	30.4	32.5		30.3
5-6 (n=3,769)	5.6	12.3	16.1	26.2		20.3
Total (n=18,993)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 12-15y.
0-2 (n=6,810)	73.0	63.8	55.5			61.4
3-4 (n=2,864)	21.3	24.6	29.5			26.5
5-6 (n=1,283)	5.8	11.6	15.0			12.1
Total (n=10,957)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 15-18y.
0-2 (n=6,968)	72.3	64.1	56.8			62.5
3-4 (n=2,886)	22.4	24.9	28.8			26.2
5-6 (n=1,231)	5.3	11.0	14.4			11.3
Total (n=11,085)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 18-21y.
0-2 (n=6,880)	73.6	65.0	56.3			62.6
3-4 (n=2,886)	21.3	25.1	28.4			25.9
5-6 (n=1,285)	5.1	9.9	15.3			11.5
Total (n=11,051)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	%	%	%	%	%	%
Excluded by age restriction 25-54
0-2 (n=2,527)	45.7	49.8	43.4	33.0	22.0	34.6
3-4 (n=2,147)	42.9	30.9	37.9	30.1	24.1	30.7
5-6 (n=2,141)	11.3	19.3	18.7	36.9	53.9	34.8
Total (n=6,815)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Included by age restriction 25-54
0-2 (n=9,663)	59.0	39.0	31.2	28.0	23.5	29.4
3-4 (n=11,042)	30.9	29.7	38.7	35.3	35.3	35.4
5-6 (n=10,490)	10.1	31.3	30.2	36.8	41.2	35.2
Total (n=31,195)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-1973	1974-1983	1984-1993	1994-2003	2004-2010	Total
		%	%	%	%	%
ISCED, dur. of stay: 0-3y.
0-2 (n=4,541)		41.6	32.0	26.1	21.7	26.7
3-4 (n=5,606)		30.1	35.9	35.3	32.5	34.2
5-6 (n=6,054)		28.3	32.1	38.6	45.8	39.1
Total (n=16,201)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 3-6y.
0-2 (n=5,729)		38.4	33.7	32.1	26.0	31.9
3-4 (n=6,482)		34.4	42.0	34.0	37.2	37.0
5-6 (n=5,157)		27.2	24.2	33.9	36.8	31.1
Total (n=17,368)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 6-9y.
0-2 (n=5,271)		39.6	38.3	35.3		36.9
3-4 (n=5,360)		37.1	39.8	36.1		37.6
5-6 (n=3,463)		23.2	22.0	28.6		25.5
Total (n=14,094)		100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 9-12y.
0-2 (n=5,771)	53.5	40.2	36.8	36.3		38.4
3-4 (n=5,884)	37.5	38.0	43.4	38.9		40.3
5-6 (n=3,002)	9.0	21.8	19.7	24.9		21.3
Total (n=14,657)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 12-15y.
0-2 (n=4,954)	54.4	38.4	39.6			44.3
3-4 (n=4,262)	36.5	39.5	42.6			40.0
5-6 (n=1,603)	9.1	22.1	17.8			15.7
Total (n=10,819)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 15-18y.
0-2 (n=5,063)	55.2	39.8	41.2			46.1
3-4 (n=4,209)	37.3	41.6	41.4			39.9
5-6 (n=1,387)	7.5	18.5	17.3			13.9
Total (n=10,659)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 18-21y.
0-2 (n=4,383)	55.1	40.7	42.5			46.7
3-4 (n=3,729)	37.0	41.5	42.5			40.3
5-6 (n=1,189)	7.9	17.8	15.0			13.0
Total (n=9,301)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-1973	1974-1983	1984-1993	1994-2003	2004-2010	Total
		%	%	%	%	%
ISCED, dur. of stay: 0-3y.
0-2 (n=6,001)		42.6	34.4	27.5	21.8	28.0
3-4 (n=6,873)		31.2	36.1	34.0	30.7	33.2
5-6 (n=7,487)		26.1	29.5	38.5	47.6	38.8
Total (n=20,361)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 3-6y.
0-2 (n=6,330)		40.0	34.6	32.4	25.8	32.5
3-4 (n=6,952)		33.5	41.8	33.7	36.9	36.7
5-6 (n=5,528)		26.4	23.6	33.9	37.3	30.9
Total (n=18,810)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 6-9y.
0-2 (n=5,271)		39.6	38.3	35.3		36.9
3-4 (n=5,360)		37.1	39.8	36.1		37.6
5-6 (n=3,463)		23.2	22.0	28.6		25.5
Total (n=14,094)		100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 9-12y.
0-2 (n=5,771)	53.5	40.2	36.8	36.3		38.4
3-4 (n=5,884)	37.5	38.0	43.4	38.9		40.3
5-6 (n=3,002)	9.0	21.8	19.7	24.9		21.3
Total (n=14,657)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 12-15y.
0-2 (n=4,954)	54.4	38.4	39.6			44.3
3-4 (n=4,262)	36.5	39.5	42.6			40.0
5-6 (n=1,603)	9.1	22.1	17.8			15.7
Total (n=10,819)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 15-18y.
0-2 (n=5,063)	55.2	39.8	41.2			46.1
3-4 (n=4,209)	37.3	41.6	41.4			39.9
5-6 (n=1,387)	7.5	18.5	17.3			13.9
Total (n=10,659)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 18-21y.
0-2 (n=4,383)	55.1	40.7	42.5			46.7
3-4 (n=3,729)	37.0	41.5	42.5			40.3
5-6 (n=1,189)	7.9	17.8	15.0			13.0
Total (n=9,301)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-1973	1974-1983	1984-1993	1994-2003	2004-2010	Total
		%	%	%	%	%
ISCED, dur. of stay: 0-3y.
0-2 (n=4,844)		40.9	32.2	26.3	21.5	26.7
3-4 (n=5,961)		30.6	35.7	34.9	32.5	34.0
5-6 (n=6,518)		28.5	32.1	38.8	45.9	39.3
Total (n=17,323)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 3-6y.
0-2 (n=6,073)		38.3	34.1	31.7	25.8	31.8
3-4 (n=6,812)		34.3	41.3	33.7	37.1	36.6
5-6 (n=5,605)		27.5	24.6	34.6	37.1	31.6
Total (n=18,490)		100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 6-9y.
0-2 (n=5,623)		39.5	38.6	34.2		36.4
3-4 (n=5,680)		36.8	38.9	35.3		36.8
5-6 (n=3,944)		23.7	22.4	30.5		26.8
Total (n=15,247)		100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 9-12y.
0-2 (n=6,306)	53.4	40.3	37.1	35.9		38.3
3-4 (n=6,298)	37.3	37.5	42.6	37.2		39.1
5-6 (n=3,499)	9.3	22.1	20.3	26.9		22.6
Total (n=16,103)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0		100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 12-15y.
0-2 (n=5,334)	54.4	39.3	40.0			44.4
3-4 (n=4,498)	36.4	38.2	41.4			39.2
5-6 (n=1,787)	9.2	22.5	18.6			16.3
Total (n=11,619)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 15-18y.
0-2 (n=5,658)	55.8	40.4	41.1			46.2
3-4 (n=4,556)	36.1	40.4	39.8			38.6
5-6 (n=1,687)	8.0	19.2	19.1			15.2
Total (n=11,901)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0
ISCED, dur. of stay: 18-21y.
0-2 (n=5,298)	56.5	41.3	42.3			47.0
3-4 (n=4,265)	35.6	40.4	39.9			38.5
5-6 (n=1,558)	7.8	18.3	17.8			14.4
Total (n=11,121)	100.0	100.0	100.0			100.0

2.2.4 Education by naturalization status

Note: Unrestricted in terms of upper age bound.

We find that average educational levels of immigrant women and men are lower for longer durations of stay, but the decrease is much less pronounced than the one over the first years (see Tables 16, 20). A possible explanation of this decline is again selective outmigration, but also selective naturalization might play a larger role, given that long durations of residence are required for migrants to naturalize in Germany (currently: 8 years). As we cannot follow the same individuals over time in the Microcensus, there is no way to assess the magnitude of both possible processes. However, in recent waves of the Microcensus information on naturalization is available. Based on the years 2007-2015, we compared the educational levels of migrants who naturalized and those who did not (without upper age limit, see Tables 23, 24). Especially regarding the earlier cohorts, naturalized migrant women and men seem to be much better educated (naturalization rates being fairly even between genders). Consequently, if more and more skilled migrants naturalize with longer durations of stay, these drop out of our sample, leading to an underestimation of occupational mobility of arrival cohorts.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total	N
	%	%	%	%	%	%
ISCED-97, non-naturalized immigrant
0-2	69.5	65.1	55.6	40.2	30.2	47.2	37,139
3-4	24.8	23.7	29.7	32.7	32.4	30.1	23,786
5-6	5.7	11.2	14.7	27.1	37.5	22.6	17,522
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	78,447
N	10,119	8,068	15,429	27,736	17,095	78,447
ISCED-97, naturalized immigrant
0-2	45.3	34.9	32.0	34.1	33.7	33.8	9,508
3-4	35.8	45.6	50.5	46.9	46.4	47.8	13,367
5-6	18.9	19.6	17.5	19.0	20.0	18.4	5,140
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	28,015
N	1,432	3,000	12,572	10,143	868	28,015
ISCED-97, naturalized/recognized Ethnic German
0-2	43.0	36.6	32.5	31.6	29.7	33.3	12,917
3-4	40.8	42.4	47.8	43.7	39.3	44.7	17,275
5-6	16.2	21.1	19.7	24.7	30.9	22.0	8,495
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	38,687
N	3,099	4,555	15,279	13,834	1,920	38,687

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total	N
	%	%	%	%	%	%
ISCED-97, non-naturalized immigrant
0-2	55.3	42.6	42.4	35.4	24.9	39.0	26,150
3-4	36.7	39.0	40.5	36.4	35.9	37.4	24,463
5-6	8.0	18.4	17.1	28.2	39.2	23.6	14,774
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	65,387
N	12,773	6,034	13,544	19,792	13,244	65,387
ISCED-97, naturalized immigrant
0-2	26.1	18.5	21.1	28.9	33.4	24.2	5,816
3-4	44.6	50.8	58.5	55.2	48.8	55.6	13,483
5-6	29.3	30.7	20.4	15.9	17.8	20.2	4,926
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	24,225
N	1,114	2,607	11,348	8,513	643	24,225
ISCED-97, naturalized/recognized Ethnic German
0-2	28.1	22.5	23.0	28.9	28.1	25.6	8,515
3-4	42.2	45.7	54.1	49.2	42.4	50.0	16,737
5-6	29.7	31.8	22.9	21.9	29.5	24.4	8,239
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	33,491
N	2,570	4,242	14,093	11,228	1,358	33,491

2.2.5 Employment indicators by naturalization status

Note: Restricted in terms of upper age bound (age 25-54).

This comparison is most sensible for all arrival cohorts except the first (sample size). For the last cohort, differences might indicate a trend, but the generally short time-span after it’s conclusion warrants caution.

2.2.5.1 Employment

In term of employment rates, naturalized immigrants seem to be quite positively selected (also ethnic Germans), women very strongly so. The difference is up to 10 pp. for women of the 1984-1993 cohort. Selectivity also seems a little different across cohorts, albeit this might be largely due to the different durations of stay. Although employment rates change considerably in some cases when including naturalized immigrants, the overall interpretation remains unchanged. Given the restrictions of our analysis, we would generally tend to underestimate the labor market integration of immigrants in terms of employment rates, particulalry regarding women, overestimating gaps to the native population.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
Non-naturalized immigrant	0.53	0.59	0.60	0.55	0.48	0.54
Naturalized immigrant	0.53	0.69	0.78	0.74	0.59	0.75
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	0.39	0.71	0.76	0.70	0.56	0.71
Total	0.53	0.64	0.69	0.61	0.49	0.61

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total	N
	n	n	n	n	n	n
Non-naturalized immigrant	194	2515	12324	25516	17122	57670	53,939
Naturalized immigrant	38	730	6125	5806	561	13260	14,767
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	13	1064	8318	9186	1449	20031	22,256
Total	245	4309	26767	40508	19133	90961	90,962
N	225	4,384	27,801	40,654	17,898	90,962

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
Non-naturalized immigrant	0.70	0.77	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80
Naturalized immigrant	0.58	0.85	0.88	0.87	0.73	0.87
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	0.67	0.83	0.86	0.85	0.77	0.85
Total	0.67	0.80	0.84	0.82	0.79	0.82

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total	N
	n	n	n	n	n	n
Non-naturalized immigrant	88	2227	11267	18779	13917	46278	41,656
Naturalized immigrant	27	704	5536	4903	403	11573	13,471
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	8	1067	7660	7371	1028	17135	19,861
Total	124	3998	24463	31054	15348	74987	74,988
N	122	4,157	25,973	31,048	13,688	74,988

Figure 5. Employment rates shown for non-German immigrants (our standard definition, solid lines) and all immigrants including those who naturalized (dashed lines).

Sample is restricted to western Germany, including Berlin.
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

2.2.5.2 Working hours

In term of working hours, naturalized immigrants also seem to be slightly positive selected, at least women of the cohorts 1974-83, 1984-93 and 1994-03. However, the general interpretation of our results would be unchanged when including naturalized immigrants.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
Non-naturalized immigrant	29.94	28.13	26.24	25.63	28.14	26.56
Naturalized immigrant	29.41	29.74	27.80	26.10	25.01	27.08
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	35.62	29.18	28.36	26.83	27.19	27.65
Total	30.05	28.72	27.36	26.02	27.95	26.94

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total	N
	n	n	n	n	n	n
Non-naturalized immigrant	194	2515	12324	25516	17122	57670	53,939
Naturalized immigrant	38	730	6125	5806	561	13260	14,767
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	13	1064	8318	9186	1449	20031	22,256
Total	245	4309	26767	40508	19133	90961	90,962
N	225	4,384	27,801	40,654	17,898	90,962

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
Non-naturalized immigrant	36.65	40.20	39.28	38.09	38.04	38.46
Naturalized immigrant	47.88	41.33	39.44	39.12	38.67	39.41
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	38.33	39.91	39.33	39.04	38.33	39.19
Total	38.87	40.33	39.34	38.49	38.08	38.78

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total	N
	n	n	n	n	n	n
Non-naturalized immigrant	88	2227	11267	18779	13917	46278	41,656
Naturalized immigrant	27	704	5536	4903	403	11573	13,471
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	8	1067	7660	7371	1028	17135	19,861
Total	124	3998	24463	31054	15348	74987	74,988
N	122	4,157	25,973	31,048	13,688	74,988

Figure 6. Weekly working hours shown for non-German immigrants (our standard definition, solid lines) and all immigrants including those who naturalized (dashed lines).

Sample is restricted to western Germany, including Berlin.
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

2.2.5.3 ISEI-88

In terms of occupational status, the picture is much more mixed. Naturalized immigrants are strongly positively selected compared to the non-naturalized for cohorts 1974-83 (women and men) and 1984-1993 (women). Cohort 1994-03 seems to be negatively selected. As for the other indicators: Interpretation remains largely unchangend when considering the naturalized. However, the relative labor market outcomes across cohorts change, they all are very similar now (except for the last cohort).

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
Non-naturalized immigrant	30.89	36.35	35.44	38.00	42.36	38.43
Naturalized immigrant	36.16	41.18	37.19	34.21	34.27	36.01
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	40.63	40.66	37.61	37.25	40.75	37.78
Total	32.07	38.41	36.63	37.14	41.94	37.83

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total	N
	n	n	n	n	n	n
Non-naturalized immigrant	194	2515	12324	25516	17122	57670	53,939
Naturalized immigrant	38	730	6125	5806	561	13260	14,767
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	13	1064	8318	9186	1449	20031	22,256
Total	245	4309	26767	40508	19133	90961	90,962
N	225	4,384	27,801	40,654	17,898	90,962

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
Non-naturalized immigrant	37.25	38.92	36.63	39.27	43.68	39.93
Naturalized immigrant	44.73	43.25	37.00	34.67	36.18	36.36
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	29.64	43.64	38.30	37.25	41.30	38.33
Total	38.17	41.04	37.25	38.00	43.35	38.96

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total	N
	n	n	n	n	n	n
Non-naturalized immigrant	88	2227	11267	18779	13917	46278	41,656
Naturalized immigrant	27	704	5536	4903	403	11573	13,471
Naturalized/recognized Ethnic German	8	1067	7660	7371	1028	17135	19,861
Total	124	3998	24463	31054	15348	74987	74,988
N	122	4,157	25,973	31,048	13,688	74,988

Figure 7. Employment rates shown for non-German immigrants (our standard definition, solid lines) and all immigrants including those who naturalized (dashed lines).

Sample is restricted to western Germany, including Berlin.
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

2.2.6 Covariate distribution by arrival cohort and gender: Education, age, and arrival age

Expand

	Women				Men				All
	ISCED (%)			Age	ISCED (%)			Age	Women
	0-2	3-4	5-6	Mean	0-2	3-4	5-6	Mean	%
Year: 1976
Germans (n=151,809)	48.5	45.7	5.8	40.1	20.3	60.0	19.7	39.5	51.0
Arrival cohort 1964-73 (n=5,553)	71.0	23.3	5.7	33.7	55.9	35.0	9.1	34.6	43.0
Year: 1985
Germans (n=153,247)	34.8	54.8	10.5	39.7	14.6	58.9	26.6	39.6	50.1
Arrival cohort 1974-83 (n=3,973)	58.0	25.5	16.5	34.7	35.8	37.2	27.0	34.0	52.2
Year: 1995
Germans (n=153,006)	18.9	64.3	16.8	38.9	9.2	59.2	31.6	38.8	50.0
Arrival cohort 1984-93 (n=4,301)	48.8	30.6	20.6	34.6	36.0	40.2	23.8	34.1	48.8
Year: 2004
Germans (n=144,271)	14.4	63.4	22.2	40.4	9.4	58.2	32.4	40.4	50.4
Arrival cohort 1994-03 (n=4,121)	39.5	32.8	27.7	34.3	31.4	37.9	30.8	34.9	53.4
Year: 2011
Germans (n=136,686)	10.8	61.6	27.6	41.1	8.1	57.3	34.7	41.1	50.0
Arrival cohort 2004-10 (n=3,723)	28.5	31.1	40.4	34.3	24.4	34.9	40.6	34.8	52.5

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	%	%	%	%	%	%
18-27 (n=91,807)	80.2	72.5	63.1	54.6	45.5	62.5
28-37 (n=41,746)	17.6	22.5	29.1	33.6	37.6	28.7
38-47 (n=11,411)	2.2	4.6	7.1	10.6	14.4	7.9
48-54 (n=1,279)	0.0	0.4	0.7	1.2	2.4	0.9
Total (n=146,243)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	%	%	%	%	%	%
18-27 (n=84,244)	72.9	73.2	62.0	52.2	41.0	61.0
28-37 (n=41,615)	24.6	22.0	30.9	34.9	38.4	30.2
38-47 (n=10,464)	2.4	4.4	6.5	11.5	17.6	7.9
48-54 (n=1,199)	0.0	0.5	0.6	1.4	3.0	0.9
Total (n=137,522)	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

3 Results

Indicator means. Plotted if cell count >= 100.

3.1 Employment

Figure 8. Employment rates (as share of sample population) by arrival cohort, gender, duration of stay and period.

Sample is restricted to western Germany, including Berlin (except for the plots differentiating between East and West Germany).
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1	44.01			22.07	26.40	35.67	32.04
2	50.78		28.96	33.18	33.98	42.46	37.87
3	53.76		37.03	32.43	37.17	46.34	41.35
4	58.03		33.14	33.98	37.89	46.39	41.89
5	60.29		39.51	38.06	42.44	49.27	45.92
6	62.76		37.44	37.27	45.11		45.65
7	64.10		38.33	39.96	47.47		47.46
8	66.43		40.34	43.02	47.62		49.35
9	67.29		35.48	44.17	49.61		49.14
10	71.44		39.37	47.13	52.19		52.53
11	71.33		39.45	47.01	54.33		53.03
12	71.37	63.56	43.59	48.68	56.13		56.67
13	74.11	62.68	44.50	49.48			57.69
14	73.44	66.57	45.46	53.28			59.69
15	75.23	60.11	45.48	55.23			59.01
16	75.93	59.74	49.64	54.53			59.96
17	75.65	60.29	49.20	54.09			59.81
18	74.89	61.49	47.54	57.30			60.31
19	76.99	58.78	48.88	61.31			61.49
20	76.64	60.18	51.40	61.11			62.33
21	77.21	61.28	51.31	62.44			63.06
22	77.78	60.88	52.27	61.22			63.04
23	77.89	57.72	52.48				62.70
24	77.66	58.83	56.15				64.21
25	76.92	61.12	55.24				64.42
26	75.33	58.81	58.76				64.30
27	72.14	57.51	55.11				61.59
28	69.54	55.86	56.79				60.73
29	69.50	56.08	55.02				60.20
30	69.67	57.07	59.90				62.22
Total	69.60	59.92	46.48	47.13	44.20	44.03	54.37

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1	57.12			53.54	57.41	70.44	59.63
2	67.15		77.76	63.99	61.68	74.66	69.05
3	71.73		77.65	63.75	65.21	77.95	71.26
4	77.55		77.16	66.51	68.47	82.05	74.35
5	80.06		77.12	68.61	71.94	80.45	75.64
6	81.77		78.89	71.00	72.19		75.96
7	81.39		79.71	75.06	73.54		77.43
8	83.87		82.40	76.56	75.10		79.48
9	85.53		83.58	76.87	76.20		80.54
10	84.96		84.68	78.70	78.06		81.60
11	85.05		84.42	79.05	80.04		82.14
12	85.99	92.00	86.08	78.73	81.32		84.82
13	86.26	92.32	82.54	78.34			84.87
14	87.42	91.29	84.32	78.75			85.45
15	86.53	91.77	84.88	78.41			85.40
16	87.85	90.51	82.03	77.94			84.58
17	87.51	90.73	83.04	79.94			85.31
18	86.57	90.42	82.89	79.93			84.95
19	87.40	88.37	82.09	79.66			84.38
20	87.05	90.07	80.85	76.99			83.74
21	86.93	89.20	79.79	80.66			84.14
22	88.01	84.94	81.08	80.60			83.66
23	86.32	82.06	83.65				84.01
24	87.05	82.24	81.79				83.69
25	85.85	80.16	78.55				81.52
26	86.03	75.69	80.56				80.76
27	84.72	76.02	80.58				80.44
28	82.10	77.32	74.84				78.09
29	81.97	78.87	74.62				78.49
30	86.70	78.14	69.01				77.95
Total	83.15	85.38	80.57	74.71	71.76	77.11	79.86

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	Germans	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1976	48.88	61.66					55.27
1978	50.83	65.07					57.95
1980	52.07	62.76					57.41
1982	53.40	60.91					57.15
1985	54.83	62.39	39.00				52.07
1987	56.07	59.32	37.21				50.87
1989	57.89	58.90	37.06				51.28
1991	64.54	64.66	47.16				58.79
1993	65.66	59.71	46.34				57.24
1995	66.76	59.83	46.30	37.13			52.51
1996	68.44	59.70	46.43	38.53			53.27
1997	69.49	55.40	49.36	38.81			53.27
1998	70.43	51.43	48.56	41.54			52.99
1999	72.20	54.48	50.16	43.10			54.98
2000	73.67	56.29	51.83	46.85			57.16
2001	74.62	59.38	53.91	49.54			59.36
2002	74.55	57.07	58.72	51.22			60.39
2003	74.46	54.49	54.70	51.23			58.72
2004	74.08		56.67	51.86	39.09		55.43
2005	73.67		55.48	55.09	40.40		56.16
2006	75.76		53.89	54.69	43.82		57.04
2007	77.12		57.11	58.31	47.17		59.93
2008	77.63		56.29	59.84	48.82		60.65
2009	78.25		60.28	58.18	52.64		62.34
2010	79.29		65.01	59.82	53.39		64.38
2011	80.72		62.37	59.89	56.47	49.63	61.82
2012	80.88		60.20	63.79	58.97	49.76	62.72
2013	81.54		58.99	61.18	59.82	53.69	63.04
2014	82.00			63.55	59.75	54.19	64.87
2015	82.77			61.55	62.42	52.85	64.90
Total	69.75	59.08	52.21	52.65	51.90	52.02	58.16

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	Germans	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1976	94.43	93.88					94.15
1978	94.71	94.95					94.83
1980	94.91	96.06					95.49
1982	92.96	90.99					91.97
1985	90.80	89.61	76.54				85.65
1987	89.80	89.14	80.31				86.42
1989	90.60	90.18	82.74				87.84
1991	91.66	89.93	87.73				89.77
1993	90.15	85.80	82.48				86.14
1995	89.39	79.00	82.84	71.30			80.63
1996	88.78	76.57	81.99	69.60			79.24
1997	88.46	77.04	81.54	69.63			79.17
1998	89.04	75.96	82.78	73.93			80.42
1999	89.62	76.40	78.43	76.81			80.32
2000	90.23	76.23	82.44	81.11			82.50
2001	89.97	76.32	83.00	81.56			82.71
2002	88.84	75.50	80.60	79.76			81.18
2003	87.85	74.24	78.86	77.72			79.67
2004	86.91		75.72	75.37	67.29		76.32
2005	87.13		77.11	75.44	69.08		77.19
2006	87.94		77.29	77.40	70.73		78.34
2007	89.22		78.55	77.89	74.23		79.97
2008	89.64		75.80	79.42	76.75		80.41
2009	88.73		76.96	79.56	77.34		80.65
2010	88.79		76.06	79.76	77.76		80.59
2011	89.68		77.79	81.21	82.57	81.33	82.52
2012	90.12		75.00	80.35	84.75	83.01	82.65
2013	89.75		74.89	81.32	83.39	81.04	82.08
2014	89.63			80.58	82.60	82.25	83.77
2015	89.94			80.20	85.67	83.69	84.87
Total	89.99	83.77	79.48	77.62	77.68	82.26	82.62

Additional check for drop in employment rates of men of 1964-1973 cohort beginning in 1991: Particularly affected by unemployment, as shown in the tables below. Many seem to have chosen early retirement over unemployment.

Expand

	Employment status
	Employed		Unemployed (available)		Non-employed		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
1976 (n=3,160)	422,171	93.9	18,679	4.2	8,857	2.0	449,707	100.0
1978 (n=3,410)	459,138	95.0	14,686	3.0	9,714	2.0	483,538	100.0
1980 (n=3,622)	495,156	96.1	10,714	2.1	9,571	1.9	515,441	100.0
1982 (n=3,228)	416,729	91.0	31,286	6.8	10,000	2.2	458,015	100.0
1985 (n=3,981)	501,413	89.6	44,339	7.9	13,807	2.5	559,559	100.0
1987 (n=3,630)	458,933	89.1	43,345	8.4	12,586	2.4	514,864	100.0
1989 (n=2,557)	435,512	90.2	31,660	6.6	15,743	3.3	482,915	100.0
1991 (n=2,169)	362,518	89.9	22,379	5.6	18,222	4.5	403,119	100.0
1993 (n=1,879)	332,803	85.8	33,877	8.7	21,195	5.5	387,875	100.0
1995 (n=1,548)	259,055	79.0	43,229	13.2	25,616	7.8	327,901	100.0
1996 (n=1,357)	223,305	76.6	35,602	12.2	32,711	11.2	291,618	100.0
1997 (n=1,131)	184,111	77.0	29,369	12.3	25,503	10.7	238,982	100.0
1998 (n=1,030)	161,094	76.0	26,896	12.7	24,099	11.4	212,089	100.0
1999 (n=840)	133,320	76.4	20,446	11.7	20,729	11.9	174,495	100.0
2000 (n=680)	108,796	76.2	15,778	11.1	18,152	12.7	142,725	100.0
2001 (n=581)	93,896	76.3	11,018	9.0	18,113	14.7	123,027	100.0
2002 (n=441)	70,399	75.5	9,950	10.7	12,888	13.8	93,237	100.0
2003 (n=346)	55,193	74.2	9,968	13.4	9,180	12.3	74,341	100.0
2004 (n=229)	35,528	72.9	7,996	16.4	5,239	10.7	48,763	100.0
2005 (n=123)	20,075	67.8	5,598	18.9	3,915	13.2	29,589	100.0
2006 (n=102)	18,549	76.3	2,257	9.3	3,515	14.5	24,321	100.0
2007 (n=51)	8,507	72.0	1,130	9.6	2,178	18.4	11,815	100.0
2008 (n=19)	2,245	56.7	651	16.5	1,062	26.8	3,958	100.0
2009 (n=10)	1,685	87.8	234	12.2	0	0.0	1,919	100.0
Total (n=36,124)	5,260,130	86.9	471,087	7.8	322,596	5.3	6,053,813	100.0

Expand

	Main subsistence source
	Employment		Unemployment and other (also non-public) benefits		Pension		Maintenance		Own wealth, rent, interest		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
1976 (n=3,160)	425,885	94.7	14,250	3.2	2,000	0.4	6,571	1.5	1,000	0.2	449,707	100.0
1978 (n=3,410)	464,138	96.0	9,543	2.0	1,857	0.4	7,571	1.6	429	0.1	483,538	100.0
1980 (n=3,622)	498,156	96.6	6,714	1.3	3,143	0.6	6,000	1.2	1,429	0.3	515,441	100.0
1982 (n=3,228)	422,300	92.2	23,000	5.0	2,857	0.6	8,429	1.8	1,429	0.3	458,015	100.0
1985 (n=3,981)	500,984	89.5	37,706	6.7	7,986	1.4	10,455	1.9	2,429	0.4	559,559	100.0
1987 (n=3,630)	458,076	89.0	39,060	7.6	7,586	1.5	10,143	2.0	0	0.0	514,864	100.0
1989 (n=2,557)	435,039	90.1	30,169	6.2	11,167	2.3	6,012	1.2	528	0.1	482,915	100.0
1991 (n=2,169)	361,777	89.7	22,012	5.5	12,652	3.1	6,271	1.6	407	0.1	403,119	100.0
1993 (n=1,879)	332,269	85.7	30,899	8.0	16,472	4.2	7,996	2.1	239	0.1	387,875	100.0
1995 (n=1,548)	258,204	78.7	38,725	11.8	21,980	6.7	8,206	2.5	784	0.2	327,901	100.0
1996 (n=1,357)	222,036	76.1	43,107	14.8	20,866	7.2	4,961	1.7	647	0.2	291,618	100.0
1997 (n=1,131)	181,477	75.9	36,044	15.1	15,084	6.3	5,390	2.3	988	0.4	238,982	100.0
1998 (n=1,030)	160,283	75.6	29,453	13.9	17,244	8.1	4,429	2.1	681	0.3	212,089	100.0
1999 (n=840)	131,935	75.6	24,936	14.3	12,673	7.3	4,156	2.4	796	0.5	174,495	100.0
2000 (n=680)	108,596	76.1	19,037	13.3	11,513	8.1	3,163	2.2	417	0.3	142,725	100.0
2001 (n=581)	92,251	75.0	15,900	12.9	11,303	9.2	3,367	2.7	205	0.2	123,027	100.0
2002 (n=441)	69,718	74.8	12,247	13.1	8,543	9.2	2,285	2.5	445	0.5	93,237	100.0
2003 (n=346)	54,657	73.5	11,882	16.0	5,649	7.6	2,153	2.9	0	0.0	74,341	100.0
2004 (n=229)	34,544	70.8	9,380	19.2	3,705	7.6	1,134	2.3	0	0.0	48,763	100.0
2005 (n=123)	19,444	65.7	5,963	20.2	2,858	9.7	1,323	4.5	0	0.0	29,589	100.0
2006 (n=102)	18,351	75.5	2,692	11.1	2,859	11.8	177	0.7	243	1.0	24,321	100.0
2007 (n=51)	7,963	67.4	2,040	17.3	1,250	10.6	304	2.6	258	2.2	11,815	100.0
2008 (n=19)	2,007	50.7	1,013	25.6	814	20.6	124	3.1	0	0.0	3,958	100.0
2009 (n=10)	1,685	87.8	234	12.2	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1,919	100.0
Total (n=36,124)	5,261,774	86.9	466,003	7.7	202,063	3.3	110,619	1.8	13,353	0.2	6,053,813	100.0

3.2 Working Hours

Figure 9. Weekly working hours by arrival cohort, gender, duration of stay and period.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1	35.14			36.21	31.67	32.43	33.86
2	32.29		34.72	33.31	29.82	30.09	32.05
3	28.97		37.71	32.37	28.33	27.79	31.03
4	28.59		35.78	31.31	27.09	27.26	30.00
5	27.93		36.47	30.48	26.81	27.97	29.93
6	28.74		34.98	29.31	27.03		30.02
7	28.28		36.19	29.53	25.84		29.96
8	27.91		35.46	28.42	26.00		29.45
9	28.20		33.77	28.81	26.36		29.29
10	27.66		35.00	29.07	26.37		29.53
11	27.69		34.19	27.54	25.79		28.80
12	26.88	37.53	33.24	28.36	25.85		30.37
13	27.05	37.26	33.21	26.62			31.03
14	27.59	37.01	32.76	26.69			31.01
15	27.37	37.10	30.62	27.17			30.56
16	27.40	36.19	31.14	26.06			30.19
17	27.52	37.76	31.12	26.18			30.65
18	27.95	37.05	30.27	26.42			30.43
19	27.72	36.14	30.74	26.61			30.30
20	28.34	34.70	30.56	26.37			29.99
21	28.35	36.11	30.13	26.13			30.18
22	28.78	34.99	30.39	26.77			30.23
23	28.78	34.51	30.00				31.10
24	29.40	34.35	29.36				31.04
25	29.07	33.57	29.70				30.78
26	29.84	32.10	29.77				30.57
27	30.34	33.11	28.88				30.78
28	29.73	33.13	27.77				30.21
29	30.30	32.44	29.47				30.74
30	29.65	32.27	29.02				30.31
Total	28.78	35.12	32.15	28.62	27.25	29.11	30.47

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1	40.64			42.43	40.58	38.92	40.64
2	39.65		42.15	41.27	38.95	37.78	39.96
3	39.80		42.95	39.77	38.48	38.47	39.89
4	40.19		41.29	39.76	38.29	37.68	39.44
5	39.35		41.66	40.24	37.69	37.60	39.31
6	39.71		42.67	39.13	38.28		39.95
7	40.24		41.33	39.87	38.06		39.88
8	39.85		41.87	39.47	37.71		39.72
9	40.09		42.22	39.95	37.72		40.00
10	39.68		41.74	40.10	38.51		40.01
11	39.59		41.61	40.20	38.93		40.08
12	39.50	41.77	41.82	41.28	38.30		40.54
13	39.30	41.55	41.86	41.37			41.02
14	39.60	41.15	40.85	40.65			40.56
15	39.63	41.10	41.13	40.08			40.49
16	39.67	40.91	41.45	39.31			40.34
17	39.45	41.32	41.19	39.86			40.45
18	39.80	40.46	41.46	39.73			40.36
19	39.46	40.77	40.79	39.52			40.14
20	39.93	40.53	41.32	39.48			40.32
21	39.70	40.02	42.07	39.23			40.25
22	39.98	39.98	41.48	39.18			40.16
23	39.52	39.43	40.64				39.86
24	39.69	39.76	41.26				40.24
25	40.25	40.01	41.71				40.66
26	39.82	39.97	39.85				39.88
27	39.40	40.61	40.95				40.32
28	40.13	40.00	40.05				40.06
29	40.15	40.81	40.09				40.35
30	39.57	41.36	40.79				40.57
Total	39.78	40.61	41.39	40.09	38.46	38.09	40.16

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	Germans	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1976	35.24	38.38					36.81
1978	34.84	38.28					36.56
1980	34.62	38.03					36.32
1982	33.87	36.39					35.13
1985	34.37	37.29	36.30				35.99
1987	34.02	37.17	34.64				35.28
1989	33.57	36.41	33.90				34.63
1991	32.27	35.25	32.13				33.22
1993	31.81	34.01	31.73				32.52
1995	31.67	34.18	30.90	31.31			32.02
1996	31.57	33.87	31.72	30.02			31.79
1997	31.32	32.35	30.54	29.62			30.96
1998	31.11	32.78	31.72	29.00			31.15
1999	30.75	31.60	29.23	28.49			30.02
2000	30.67	33.08	30.58	29.33			30.91
2001	30.43	31.80	28.42	27.94			29.65
2002	30.23	31.43	29.69	27.56			29.73
2003	29.96	31.55	29.93	27.06			29.62
2004	29.96		29.65	25.95	27.85		28.35
2005	29.94		29.59	25.72	26.96		28.05
2006	29.29		27.30	26.76	25.60		27.24
2007	29.48		28.22	26.07	25.36		27.28
2008	29.66		29.57	26.01	25.70		27.74
2009	29.43		26.96	25.06	25.54		26.75
2010	29.61		28.71	26.00	25.92		27.56
2011	29.90		28.14	26.80	25.73	28.30	27.77
2012	29.93		27.41	26.47	25.48	27.10	27.28
2013	29.96			26.09	25.49	28.12	27.42
2014	30.19			26.94	25.81	27.91	27.71
2015	30.41			27.13	25.62	27.55	27.68
Total	31.34	34.66	30.30	27.40	25.92	27.80	30.15

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	Germans	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1976	43.70	41.69					42.70
1978	43.45	41.69					42.57
1980	43.48	41.87					42.67
1982	43.14	41.28					42.21
1985	43.57	41.12	42.04				42.24
1987	43.23	40.79	41.94				41.99
1989	43.00	40.76	41.96				41.91
1991	42.56	40.05	41.12				41.24
1993	41.89	39.15	40.83				40.62
1995	42.09	40.20	42.15	40.57			41.25
1996	42.19	40.08	40.80	39.57			40.66
1997	42.46	40.31	41.43	39.36			40.89
1998	42.48	40.72	42.07	40.17			41.36
1999	42.59	39.77	41.50	39.51			40.84
2000	42.66	40.57	41.90	40.14			41.32
2001	42.52	40.93	41.51	40.95			41.48
2002	42.27	40.93	40.83	40.30			41.08
2003	42.04	40.42	41.05	40.51			41.01
2004	42.14		39.92	40.84	39.10		40.50
2005	42.62		40.96	41.09	38.20		40.72
2006	41.80		39.56	39.29	37.70		39.59
2007	42.04		39.95	40.05	38.06		40.03
2008	41.89		41.26	39.78	37.68		40.15
2009	40.95		39.71	38.36	37.62		39.16
2010	41.30		40.61	39.54	38.19		39.91
2011	41.39		40.61	39.94	38.25	38.35	39.71
2012	41.26		40.29	39.41	38.17	37.76	39.38
2013	40.95		40.25	38.26	38.38	37.98	39.17
2014	40.87			38.57	38.30	37.81	38.89
2015	40.66			39.06	38.32	37.65	38.92
Total	42.24	40.68	41.01	39.78	38.17	37.91	40.61

Figure 10. Full-time, part-time and marginal employment (as share of employed sample population) by arrival cohort, gender, and period.

Full-time employment means working at least 35 hours per week, part-time employment 15-35 hours, and marginal employment 1-15 hours. Sample is restricted to western Germany, including Berlin (except for the plots differentiating between East and West Germany).
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

3.3 ISEI

Figure 11. ISEI-88 scores by arrival cohort, gender, duration of stay and period.

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1	47.95			39.86	42.45	47.50	44.44
2	42.34		41.04	37.63	40.66	44.16	41.17
3	39.74		41.27	37.38	39.66	43.84	40.38
4	37.91		40.25	37.55	38.70	43.11	39.50
5	36.11		38.95	37.24	38.07	41.30	38.33
6	36.14		38.28	37.31	38.25		37.49
7	35.79		38.85	36.95	38.50		37.52
8	36.16		35.87	35.50	38.66		36.55
9	36.48		37.99	36.09	38.83		37.35
10	36.46		40.57	36.74	39.14		38.23
11	36.84		36.24	35.75	38.55		36.84
12	37.02	33.60	36.90	37.23	38.05		36.56
13	36.38	33.63	37.29	35.84			35.78
14	36.33	33.07	37.28	35.96			35.66
15	36.93	33.50	35.44	35.42			35.32
16	36.99	32.71	36.01	35.58			35.32
17	36.62	33.79	36.72	35.93			35.77
18	37.34	33.22	36.24	36.08			35.72
19	37.72	33.67	35.49	36.11			35.75
20	38.26	32.89	36.69	35.16			35.75
21	38.16	34.47	34.33	35.63			35.65
22	38.76	33.60	35.39	35.22			35.74
23	38.76	34.55	34.50				35.94
24	38.72	33.80	35.41				35.98
25	38.70	33.37	34.76				35.61
26	40.70	33.09	36.28				36.69
27	40.32	33.88	36.42				36.87
28	40.90	33.72	37.10				37.24
29	43.20	34.11	38.70				38.67
30	41.90	33.57	35.95				37.14
Total	38.52	33.59	37.11	36.46	39.13	43.98	37.28

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	German	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1	49.37			43.55	43.99	48.03	46.23
2	42.28		40.77	40.45	42.78	46.41	42.54
3	41.03		40.98	37.72	40.93	44.48	41.03
4	38.67		39.16	37.01	39.69	42.77	39.46
5	37.18		38.71	36.52	39.05	42.26	38.74
6	36.40		38.17	35.13	39.46		37.29
7	35.68		37.40	36.53	38.44		37.01
8	36.38		37.37	36.18	38.81		37.18
9	36.46		37.38	35.48	38.70		37.01
10	36.51		38.75	36.82	39.28		37.84
11	36.79		37.91	35.98	39.64		37.58
12	37.03	34.66	39.42	37.20	40.04		37.67
13	36.80	34.13	37.31	36.55			36.20
14	36.99	33.54	38.81	36.62			36.49
15	37.18	34.48	37.70	37.12			36.62
16	36.56	33.60	38.18	37.03			36.34
17	37.12	34.07	37.53	36.89			36.40
18	37.50	33.06	37.20	36.72			36.12
19	37.68	33.26	38.25	36.31			36.37
20	38.46	33.38	38.03	36.50			36.59
21	38.68	34.07	38.97	37.63			37.34
22	39.46	33.75	38.27	37.69			37.29
23	39.39	33.38	38.99				37.25
24	39.99	34.20	38.90				37.70
25	40.81	33.77	38.81				37.80
26	41.43	33.84	37.53				37.60
27	41.47	34.28	38.24				38.00
28	42.63	33.68	39.18				38.50
29	42.49	33.99	38.02				38.17
30	44.08	35.14	37.82				39.01
Total	39.08	33.91	38.41	37.16	40.07	44.79	38.06

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	Germans	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1976	39.12	32.99					36.06
1978	39.64	33.32					36.48
1980	40.02	32.77					36.40
1982	40.61	33.04					36.82
1985	41.61	33.50	39.74				38.28
1987	42.12	33.03	37.92				37.69
1989	42.39	33.97	37.33				37.90
1991	42.38	33.21	36.07				37.22
1993	43.97	33.94	35.29				37.73
1995	44.67	33.94	36.89	37.55			38.27
1996	44.67	33.94	36.09	36.18			37.72
1997	44.81	34.02	35.95	36.94			37.93
1998	44.88	33.62	35.20	36.36			37.52
1999	44.82	33.43	35.00	36.50			37.44
2000	44.73	33.67	36.50	36.28			37.79
2001	44.78	35.19	34.80	36.04			37.70
2002	45.01	33.14	35.36	35.35			37.21
2003	45.04	35.30	35.69	36.48			38.13
2004	45.28		35.52	35.66	37.58		38.51
2005	45.25		36.82	35.83	39.35		39.31
2006	45.29		36.13	36.02	38.61		39.01
2007	45.44		37.71	36.10	38.60		39.46
2008	45.50		36.68	35.65	38.28		39.03
2009	45.76		36.23	36.01	38.52		39.13
2010	45.90		37.43	36.19	38.95		39.62
2011	46.11		36.00	34.90	38.40	41.96	39.47
2012	46.31		34.99	35.84	37.96	42.62	39.55
2013	46.50		34.79	34.91	37.18	42.28	39.13
2014	46.71			34.86	37.54	41.49	40.15
2015	47.04			33.79	36.18	40.48	39.37
Total	44.21	33.67	36.26	35.88	38.09	41.77	38.38

Expand

	Arrival cohort
	Germans	1964-73	1974-83	1984-93	1994-03	2004-10	Total
	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
1976	42.16	34.07					38.11
1978	41.98	33.83					37.90
1980	42.11	33.22					37.66
1982	42.83	34.03					38.43
1985	43.58	33.54	39.55				38.89
1987	43.86	34.11	37.48				38.48
1989	44.13	33.53	38.21				38.63
1991	43.92	33.63	39.37				38.97
1993	44.75	33.45	37.62				38.61
1995	45.12	34.39	38.16	37.44			38.78
1996	45.11	33.72	37.25	35.77			37.96
1997	45.30	34.20	37.20	35.88			38.14
1998	45.35	33.85	37.47	36.28			38.24
1999	45.25	34.09	38.74	36.05			38.53
2000	45.25	34.57	37.87	36.36			38.51
2001	45.39	34.13	38.19	36.17			38.47
2002	45.56	34.33	39.24	35.84			38.74
2003	45.71	35.66	38.57	35.90			38.96
2004	45.70		37.67	36.60	39.38		39.84
2005	46.14		39.56	38.55	40.77		41.26
2006	46.11		38.30	37.14	40.02		40.39
2007	46.05		39.04	37.10	38.92		40.28
2008	46.12		38.84	36.55	39.22		40.18
2009	46.46		37.95	36.94	39.31		40.17
2010	46.57		37.93	35.99	39.58		40.02
2011	46.91		38.81	36.38	39.20	43.36	40.93
2012	47.15		39.57	36.74	39.55	43.43	41.29
2013	47.29		40.69	36.56	39.25	42.44	41.25
2014	47.35			36.69	39.52	41.92	41.37
2015	47.67			36.65	38.97	42.05	41.34
Total	45.23	34.02	38.47	36.55	39.47	42.64	39.52

Additional check for age restriction effects: Regarding skill selectivity in arrival age, our sample restriction to persons between age 25 and 54 means that migrants arriving at age 18-23 ‘grow into’ our sample. For example, a person who immigrated at age 20 is first part of our analysis sample after 5 years of stay in Germany. If those young migrants who grow into our sample are less skilled and take on lower status employment than older arrivals who are already included, this might explain part of the decline in occupational status over the first years of residence. Comparing the educational levels between these two groups for a duration of stay of 1-6 years, this general pattern is indeed what we find for all cohorts but the first (see Tables 15, 19). Consequently, accounting for this kind of selectivity in our occupational status analysis (by extending the age range to 18-54) leads to attenuated declines in ISEI scores in the first years of residence, particularly for women:

Figure 12. ISEI-88 scores by arrival cohort, gender, and duration of stay and period. Different age restrictions.

Sample is restricted to western Germany, including Berlin.
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

Additional check for possible employment delays for the less educated: Turning to our second assumed selection issue, employment delays for the lower skilled, we compare the absolute number of employed migrants by cohort and duration of stay between different educational levels. Generally, in the very first years of residence, the number of employed migrants with ISCED levels 5-6 is as high or even higher than the number of those with ISCED levels 0-2 and 3-4. However, this composition quickly changes with longer durations of stay, when more and more migrants with low or medium educational levels take up employment. As a result, the average education of migrants in employment decreases in the first years of stay, matching the observed initial decline in occupational status Despite some smaller differences, this general pattern seems to hold for women and men of all cohorts.

Figure 13. Number of persons in employment (population projection) by arrival cohort, gender, and duration of stay.

Sample is restricted to western Germany, including Berlin.
Source: Microcensus Scientific Use Files, DOI: 10.21242/12211.1976.00.00.3.1.0 to 10.21242/12211.2015.00.00.3.1.0, own calculations.

4 References

Bundesagentur für Arbeit. (2020). Klassifikation der Berufe. Bundesagentur für Arbeit - Statistik. https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/Navigation/Statistik/Grundlagen/Klassifikationen/Klassifikation-der-Berufe/Klassifikation-der-Berufe-Nav.html

Destatis. (2020). Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit: Wanderungen (Fachserie 1, Reihe 1.2). https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/receive/DEHeft_mods_00128336

Ganzeboom, H. B. G., De Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992). A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 21(1), 1–56. https://doi.org/10/bqszp9

International Labor Organization. (2020). ISCO - International Standard Classification of Occupations. International Labor Organization. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm